ToxSpotlight Articles
Each issue of ToxSci highlights two or three articles that reflect the variety of impactful science published in the journal. We encourage you to take some time each month to take a look at our “ToxSpotlight” and read these articles of interest.
In this article, we provide a proof of concept evaluating the utility of the U.S. Tox21 high-throughput screening approach to assess the hazard of chemical mixtures using 2 estrogen receptor (ER) assays. A subset of chemicals identified in Phase I of the Tox21 program as active in the ER agonist ...
The use of new approach methods (NAMs), including high-throughput, in vitro bioactivity data, in setting a point-of-departure (POD) will accelerate the pace of human health hazard assessments. Combining hazard and exposure predictions into a bioactivity:exposure ratio (BER) for use in risk-based ...
Traditional approaches for quantitatively characterizing uncertainty in risk assessment require adaptation to accommodate increased reliance on observational (vs experimental) studies in developing toxicity values. Herein, a case study with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and PFOS and vaccine ...
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) are among the most widely produced metallic NPs due to commercial and industrial applications in products including food, cosmetics, paints, and plastics. TiO 2 NPs are released into the environment posing health risks for humans and wildlife. Widespread ...
The Society of Toxicology 2024 meeting assembled risk assessors, epidemiologists, and toxicologists to discuss the utility of integrating epidemiologic data into the derivation of reference values. Advantages of the use of epidemiologic evidence include (i) human relevance; (ii) increased ...
The waste generated from cement manufacturing is an important source of heavy metal contamination of groundwater and soil. This study investigated the concentration of toxic metals in the soil of a major cement factory and nearby groundwater. Ecological and carcinogenic risks of the metals were ...
Plasma half-life is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter for estimating extralabel withdrawal intervals of drugs to ensure the safety of food products derived from animals. This study focuses on developing a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model incorporating multiple machine ...
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse class of anthropogenic chemicals; many are persistent, bioaccumulative, and mobile in the environment. Worldwide, PFAS bioaccumulation causes serious adverse health impacts, yet the physiochemical determinants of bioaccumulation and toxicity ...
To support the development of appraisal tools for assessing the quality of in vitro studies, we developed a method for literature-based discovery of study assessment criteria, used the method to create an item bank of assessment criteria of potential relevance to in vitro studies, and analyzed the ...
High-throughput transcriptomics (HTTr) uses gene expression profiling to characterize the biological activity of chemicals in in vitro cell-based test systems. As an extension of a previous study testing 44 chemicals, HTTr was used to screen an additional 1,751 unique chemicals from the EPA’s ...
γ-Glutamyl-β-cyanoalanylglycine (gEcnAG) is a glutathione analog in which the cysteine moiety in glutathione is replaced with β-cyanoalanine, a known plant cyanide metabolite. Previously, gEcnAG was detected in the liver of rats and chicks exposed to β-cyanoalanine. We reported the detection of ...
Drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) is of significant concern, both during drug development and in clinical practice. We report a patient-centric approach for clinical implementation of the FDA-qualified kidney safety biomarker panel, highlighting Phase 1 and 2 trials for candidate therapeutics in ...
Macrophages play a key role in ozone-induced lung injury by regulating both the initiation and resolution of inflammation. These distinct activities are mediated by pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory/proresolution macrophages which sequentially accumulate in injured tissues. Macrophage ...
Arsenic (As) is globally detected in drinking water and food products at levels repeatedly surpassing regulatory thresholds. Several neurological and mental health risks linked to arsenic exposure are proposed; however, the nature of these effects and their association with the chemical forms of ...
Recent studies have identified exposure to environmental levels of ozone as a risk factor for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of acute lung injury (ALI) that can develop in humans with sepsis. The aim of this study was to develop a murine model of ALI to ...
Absolute (ALW) and relative (RLW) liver weight changes are sensitive endpoints in repeat-dose rodent toxicity studies, and their changes are often used for quantitative assessment of health effects induced by hepatotoxic chemicals using the benchmark dose-response modeling (BMD) approach. To find ...
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are legacy flame retardants that bioaccumulate in the environment. The gut microbiome is an important regulator of liver functions including xenobiotic biotransformation and immune regulation. We recently showed that neonatal exposure to polybrominated ...
Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models are widely used in pharmacology and toxicology for predicting the internal disposition of substances upon exposure, voluntarily or not. Due to their complexity, a large number of model parameters need to be estimated, either through in silico tools , in ...
Inhalation exposure to plastic incineration emissions (PIEs) is a problem of increasing human relevance, as plastic production and waste creation have drastically increased since mainstream integration during the 20th century. We investigated the effects of PIEs on human nasal epithelial cells ...
Carbamazepine (CBZ) has been identified in the aquatic environment as an emerging contaminant. Its immune effect across generations at environmentally relevant concentrations is little known. We aim to elucidate the effects of CBZ on the immune system in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), hypothesizing the ...
The exponential increase in global plastic usage has led to the emergence of nano- and microplastic (NMP) pollution as a pressing environmental issue due to its implications for human and other mammalian health. We have developed methodologies to extract solid materials from human tissue samples by ...
Chemicals in the systemic circulation can undergo hepatic xenobiotic metabolism, generate metabolites, and exhibit altered toxicity compared with their parent compounds. This article describes a 2-chamber liver-organ coculture model in a higher-throughput 96-well format for the determination of ...
Systematic review and evaluation of mechanistic evidence using the Key Characteristics approach was proposed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2012 and used by the IARC Monographs Working Groups since 2015. Key Characteristics are 10 features of agents known to cause ...
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a nuclear receptor predominantly expressed in the liver, is activated by diverse chemicals and induces hepatocyte proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for CAR-dependent hepatocyte proliferation ...
Autoimmune diseases are multifactorial and include environmental as well as genetic drivers. Although much progress has been made in understanding the nature of genetic underpinnings of autoimmune disease, by comparison much less is understood regarding how environmental factors interact with ...
Early-life respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection (eRSV) is one of the leading causes of serious pulmonary disease in children. eRSV is associated with higher risk of developing asthma and compromised lung function later in life. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal, widely present in the environment ...
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is commonly used in the manufacturing of plastic materials, including intravenous bags, blood storage bags, and medical-grade tubing. DEHP can leach from plastic medical products, which can result in inadvertent patient exposure. DEHP concentrations were measured in ...
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are regularly found in soils and dusts, both of which can be consumed by children at relatively high amounts. However, there is little data available to model the bioaccessibility of PFAS in soils and dusts when consumed or to describe how the ...
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the most pervasive environmental contaminants in the world and is associated with Parkinson disease (PD) risk. Experimental models in rodents show that TCE is selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons at high doses of ingestion, however, TCE is a highly volatile ...
A main function of dose-response assessment is to estimate a “safe” dose in the target population to support chemical risk assessment. Typically, a “safe” dose is developed differently for cancer and noncancer effects based on a 2-step procedure, ie, point of departure (POD) derivation and low-dose ...
Seizure liability remains a significant cause of attrition throughout drug development. Advances in stem cell biology coupled with an increased understanding of the role of ion channels in seizure offer an opportunity for a new paradigm in screening. We assessed the activity of 15 pro-seizurogenic ...
Microphysiological systems are an emerging area of in vitro drug development, and their independent evaluation is important for wide adoption and use. The primary goal of this study was to test reproducibility and robustness of a renal proximal tubule microphysiological system, OrganoPlate 3-lane ...
Direct DNA double-strand breaks result in phosphorylation of H2AX, a variant of the histone H2 protein. Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) may be a potential indicator in the evaluation of genotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity. In this study, γH2AX and Ki-67 were detected in the short-term responses (24 ...
The molecular mechanisms connecting environmental exposures to adverse endpoints are often unknown, reflecting knowledge gaps. At the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), we developed a bioinformatics approach that integrates manually curated, literature-based interactions from CTD to ...
Cardiovascular toxicity is an important cause of drug failures in the later stages of drug development, early clinical safety assessment, and even postmarket withdrawals. Early-stage in vitro assessment of potential cardiovascular liabilities in the pharmaceutical industry involves assessment of ...
Phthalates are compounds used in consumer and medical products worldwide. Phthalate exposure in women has been demonstrated by detection of phthalate metabolites in their urine and ovarian follicular fluid. High urinary phthalate burden has been associated with reduced ovarian reserve and oocyte ...
In vivo models (mostly rodents) are currently accepted by regulatory authorities for assessing acute inhalation toxicity. Considerable efforts have been made in recent years to evaluate in vitro human airway epithelial models (HAEM) as replacements for in vivo testing. In the current work, an ...
Blood lead (Pb) level (BLL) is a commonly used biomarker to evaluate associations with health effects. However, interventions to reduce the adverse effects of Pb require relating BLL to external exposure. Moreover, risk mitigation actions need to ensure protection of more susceptible individuals ...
The degradation tag (dTAG) system for target protein degradation can remove proteins from biological systems without the drawbacks of some genetic methods, such as slow kinetics, lack of reversibility, low specificity, and the inability to titrate dosage. These drawbacks can make it difficult to ...
Exposure to ozone causes decrements in pulmonary function, a response associated with alterations in lung lipids. Pulmonary lipid homeostasis is dependent on the activity of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid uptake and catabolism by ...
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) is tasked with assessing chemicals for their potential to perturb endocrine pathways, including those controlled by androgen receptor (AR). To address challenges associated with traditional testing strategies, ...
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are transposable genomic elements generally repressed through DNA methylation. HERVs can be demethylated and expressed in response to environmental stimuli. Therefore, more research is needed to understand the influence of environmental exposures on HERV ...
We present a mechanistic machine-learning quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model to predict mammalian acute oral toxicity. We trained our model using a rat acute toxicity database compiled by the US National Toxicology Program. We profiled the database using new and published ...
Alterations in physiological processes in pancreas have been associated with various metabolic dysfunctions and can result from environmental exposures, such as chemicals and diet. It was reported that environmental vinyl chloride (VC) exposure, a common industrial organochlorine and environmental ...
Acute exposure to high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) leads to sudden death and, if survived, lingering neurological disorders. Clinical signs include seizures, loss of consciousness, and dyspnea. The proximate mechanisms underlying H 2 S-induced acute toxicity and death have not been ...
Developmental exposures can influence life-long health; yet, counteracting negative consequences is challenging due to poor understanding of cellular mechanisms. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) binds many small molecules, including numerous pollutants. Developmental exposure to the signature ...
Despite progress describing the effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on the central nervous system, the effect of POPs on enteric nervous system (ENS) function remains underexplored. We studied the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD), a POP, and a potent aryl ...
Arsenic exposure is correlated with atherosclerosis in epidemiological studies and in animal models. We have previously shown that arsenic exposure enhanced the atherosclerotic plaque size, increased the plaque lipid content, and decreased the plaque smooth muscle cell and collagen contents in the ...
Human precision-cut lung slices (hPCLS), considered a highly relevant ex vivo model of the lung, offer native architecture and cells of the lung tissue including respiratory parenchyma, small airways, and immune competent cells. However, the irregular availability of donor lungs has limited the ...
Silicosis is an irreversible, progressive, fibrotic lung disease caused by long-term exposure to dust-containing silica particles at the workplace. Despite the precautions enforced, the rising incidence of silicosis continues to occur globally, particularly in developing countries. A better ...
Recent epidemiological findings link asthma to adverse cardiovascular responses. Yet, the precise cardiovascular impacts of asthma have been challenging to disentangle from the potential cardiovascular effects caused by asthma medication. The purpose of this study was to determine the impacts of ...
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) dose-dependently induces the development of hepatic fat accumulation and inflammation with fibrosis in mice initially in the portal region. Conversely, differential gene and protein expression is first detected in the central region. To further ...
Methylmercury (MeHg) persists today as a priority public health concern. Mechanisms influencing MeHg metabolism, kinetics, and toxicity outcomes are therefore essential knowledge for informing exposure risks. Evidence points to different toxic potencies of MeHg and inorganic mercury (Hg 2+ ), ...
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a synthetic antioxidant widely used in many industrial sectors. BHT is a well-studied compound for which there are many favorable regulatory decisions. However, a recent opinion by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES) ...
Diethylene glycol (DEG) mass poisonings have resulted from ingestion of pharmaceuticals mistakenly adulterated with DEG, typically leading to proximal tubular necrosis and acute kidney injury. The metabolite, diglycolic acid (DGA) accumulates greatly in kidney tissue and its direct administration ...
St. John’s wort (SJW) is a medicinal herb remedy for mild depression. However, long-term use of SJW has raised safety concerns in clinical practice because of drug-drug interactions. Excessive use of acetaminophen (APAP) causes severe hepatotoxicity, but whether SJW modulates APAP-induced liver ...
Lipophilic persistent environmental chemicals (LPECs) can accumulate in a woman’s body and transfer to her developing child across the placenta and via breast milk. To assess health risks associated with developmental exposures to LPECs, we developed a pharmacokinetic (PK) model that quantifies ...
Febuxostat is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor used to reduce the formation of uric acid and prevent gout attacks. Previous studies have suggested that febuxostat was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events, including atrial fibrillation, compared with allopurinol, another ...
Mutations in the alveolar epithelial-specific gene encoding for surfactant protein C (SP-C) are linked to pulmonary disease. Ozone (O 3 ) is a ubiquitous pollutant known to exacerbate stress through oxidative injury and inflammation. To comprehend the structural, functional, and immunological ...
An important question in toxicological risk assessment is whether non-animal new approach methodologies (NAMs) can be used to make safety decisions that are protective of human health, without being overly conservative. In this work, we propose a core NAM toolbox and workflow for conducting ...
Pregnancy requires rapid adaptations in the uterine microcirculation to support fetal development. Nanomaterial inhalation is associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, which may impair gestation. We have shown that maternal nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO 2 ) inhalation impairs microvascular ...
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the main cause of acute liver failure in Western countries. The mechanism of APAP hepatotoxicity is associated with centrilobular necrosis which initiates infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes, and other leukocytes to the area of necrosis. Although it has been ...
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes serious pulmonary disease and death in high-risk infants and elderly. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic environmental metal contaminant and constantly exposed to humans. Limited information is available on Cd toxicity after early-life respiratory virus ...
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have been widely used in the Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA). The notable difference of the electrophysiological (EP) responses of hiPSC-CMs in serum and serum-free media (SFM) is puzzling and may impact ...
The 2019 United States outbreak of E-cigarette (e-cig), or Vaping, Associated Acute Lung Injury (EVALI) has been linked to presence of vitamin E acetate (VEA) in Δ 8 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 8 THC)-containing e-liquids, as supported by VEA detection in patient biological samples. However, the ...
Lead is a nonessential metal and may be a coexposure in welding fumes. Preclinical data indicate lead may affect iron regulation. The current study investigated blood lead concentrations and their association with brain iron accumulation in workers with chronic welding fume exposure, with a focus ...
In this study, the ability of a new in vitro / in silico quantitative in vitro – in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) methodology was assessed to predict the in vivo neurotoxicity of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in rodents. In vitro concentration–response data of TTX obtained in a multielectrode array assay with ...
Better biomarkers to predict death early in acute liver failure (ALF) are needed. To that end, we obtained early (study day 1) and later (day 3) serum samples from transplant-free survivors ( n = 28) and nonsurvivors ( n = 30) of acetaminophen-induced ALF from the NIH-sponsored Acute Liver Failure ...
Aneuploidy is characterized by the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes and is a common hallmark of cancer. However, exposure to aneugenic compounds does not necessarily lead to cancer. Aneugenic compounds are mainly identified using the in vitro micronucleus assay but this assay cannot ...
Endogenous metabolite levels describe the molecular phenotype that is most downstream from chemical exposure. Consequently, quantitative changes in metabolite levels have the potential to predict mode-of-action and adversity, with regulatory toxicology predicated on the latter. However, ...
Although clozapine is a highly efficacious schizophrenia treatment, it is under-prescribed due to the risk of idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis (IDIAG). Clinical data indicate that most patients starting clozapine experience a transient immune response early in treatment and a similar ...
This study was performed to examine whether vapor exposure to cannabis plant matter negatively impacts male reproductive functions and testis development in mice. Adult CD-1 male mice (F0) were exposed to air (control) or 200 mg of vaporized cannabis plant matter 3×/day over a 10-day period. ...
The toxicity of many “inert” ingredients of pesticide formulations, such as safeners, is poorly characterized, despite evidence that humans may be exposed to these chemicals. Analysis of ToxCast data for dichloroacetamide safeners with the ToxPi tool identified benoxacor as the safener with the ...
Excessive ethanol consumption is a risk factor for osteopenia. Since a previous study showed that transgenic female mice with overexpression of catalase are partially protected from ethanol-mediated trabecular bone loss, we investigated the role of endogenous catalase in skeletal ethanol toxicity ...
Neurotoxicity is a principal concern in nonclinical drug development. However, standardized and universally accepted fluid biomarkers for evaluating neurotoxicity are lacking. Increasing clinical evidence supports the potential use of neurofilament light (NfL) chain as a biomarker of several ...
Occupational exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been associated with numerous health complications including steatohepatitis and liver cancer. However, the potential impact of environmental/residential VOC exposures on liver health and function is largely unknown. To address this ...
The legalization and increasing availability of cannabis products raises concerns about the impact on offspring of users, and little has appeared on the potential contribution of paternal use. We administered cannabis extract to male rats prior to mating, with two different 28-day exposures, one ...
Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) is the major cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the Western world with very limited treatment options. Previous studies from our groups and others have shown that timely activation of liver regeneration is a critical determinant of transplant-free survival of ...
Human exposure to organic mercury (Hg) as methylmercury (MeHg) from seafood consumption is widely considered a health risk because pure methylmercury is extremely neurotoxic. In contrast, the clinical significance of Hg exposure from amalgam (AMG) dental restorations, the only other major ...
Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is a water disinfection byproduct (DBP) formed by reactions between oxidizing disinfectants and iodide. In vitro studies have indicated that IAA is one of the most cyto- and genotoxic DBPs. In humans, DBPs have been epidemiologically associated with reproductive dysfunction. ...
A critical aspect of toxicity evaluation is developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) testing. Traditionally, DART testing has been conducted in vivo in mammalian model systems. New legislation aimed at reducing animal use and the prohibitive costs associated with DART testing, together with a ...
Exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) can cause neurotoxicity and cardiopulmonary arrest. Resuscitating victims of sulfide intoxication is extremely difficult, and survivors often exhibit persistent neurological deficits. However, no specific antidote is available for sulfide intoxication. The ...
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD)-inducible poly-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase (TIPARP/PARP7), an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) target gene and mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase, acts as part of a negative feedback loop to repress AHR signaling. This process is prevented by a ...
GS-9695 and GS-9822 are next-generation noncatalytic site integrase inhibitors (NCINIs) with significantly improved potency against human immunodeficiency virus compared with previous drugs such as BI-224436. Development stopped due to vacuolation of the bladder urothelium seen in cynomolgus monkey ...
Regulatory agencies are considering alternative approaches to assessing inhalation toxicity that utilizes in vitro studies with human cells and in silico modeling in lieu of additional animal studies. In support of this goal, computational fluid-particle dynamics models were developed to estimate ...
An acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. A hallmark characteristic of APAP hepatotoxicity is centrilobular necrosis. General, innate mechanisms such as lower amounts of GSH and higher cytochrome P450 2e1 expression in pericentral (PC) ...
The unique physicochemical properties of carbon nanomaterials and their ever-growing utilization generate a serious concern for occupational risk. Pulmonary exposure to these nanoparticles induces local and systemic inflammation, cardiovascular dysfunction, and even cognitive deficits. Although ...
A new safety testing paradigm that relies on gene expression biomarker panels was developed to easily and quickly identify drug-induced injuries across tissues in rats prior to drug candidate selection. Here, we describe the development, qualification, and implementation of gene expression ...
The ability to deduce carcinogenic potential from subchronic, repeat dose rodent studies would constitute a major advance in chemical safety assessment and drug development. This study investigated an error-corrected NGS method (CarcSeq) for quantifying cancer driver mutations (CDMs) and deriving a ...
Bisphenol F (BPF) is increasingly substituting bisphenol A in manufacturing polycarbonates and consumer products. The cardiometabolic effects of BPF in either humans or model organisms are not clear, and no studies to date have investigated the role of genetic background on susceptibility to ...
Liver-related diseases including drug-induced liver injury are becoming increasingly prominent in AIDS patients. Cobicistat (COBI) is the backbone of multiple regimens for antiretroviral therapy. The current work investigated the mechanisms of adverse drug-drug interactions associated with COBI ...
Environmental toxicant exposure contributes to morbidity and mortality of many human diseases. With respect to arsenic, microbially driven chemical transformations dictate its toxicity and mobility in virtually every environment yet studied, so a general hypothesis is that the human gut microbiome ...
The proper storage and release of monoamines contributes to a wide range of neuronal activity. Here, we examine the effects of altered vesicular monoamine transport in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . The gene cat-1 is responsible for the encoding of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) ...
Concerns about the potential adverse effects of bisphenol A (BPA) have led to an increase in the use of replacements, yet the toxicity data for several of these chemicals are limited. Using high-content imaging, we compared the effects of BPA, BPAF, BPF, BPS, BPM, and BPTMC in germ (C18-4 ...
Drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) is a major concern in both drug development and clinical practice. There is an unmet need for biomarkers of glomerular damage and more distal renal injury in the loop of Henle and the collecting duct (CD). A cross-laboratory program to identify and characterize ...
Studies to evaluate the toxicity of xenobiotics on the human gut microbiome and related health effects require a diligent selection of (1) an appropriate animal model to facilitate toxicity assessment in predicting human exposure, and (2) an appropriate non-interfering vehicle for the ...
Electronic cigarettes are the most commonly used nicotine containing product among teenagers. The oral epithelium is the first site of exposure and our recent work revealed considerable diversity among e-liquids for composition and level of chemical constituents that impact nicotine deposition in a ...
There is compelling evidence that developmental exposure to toxic metals increases risk for obesity and obesity-related morbidity including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. To explore the hypothesis that developmental Cd exposure increases risk of obesity later in life, male, and female ...
Previously, researchers have demonstrated that mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) significantly enhances immunocyte activation. However, the interaction between DON exposure and immune disorders remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether acute and subacute oral exposure to DON ...
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of acute liver failure. Reliable and translational biomarkers are needed for early detection of DILI. microRNAs ( miRNAs) have received wide attention as a novel class of potential DILI biomarkers. However, it is unclear how DILI drugs other than ...
